<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
-<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1//EN"
- "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1/docbookx.dtd"
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd"
[
<!ENTITY % local SYSTEM "local.ent">
%local;
<!ENTITY % idcommon SYSTEM "common/common.ent">
%idcommon;
]>
-<!-- $Id: book.xml,v 1.14 2007-06-04 10:34:06 adam Exp $ -->
<book id="book">
<bookinfo>
<title>Pazpar2 - User's Guide and Reference</title>
<author>
<firstname>Marc</firstname><surname>Cromme</surname>
</author>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Jakub</firstname><surname>Skoczen</surname>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Mike</firstname><surname>Taylor</surname>
+ </author>
<releaseinfo>&version;</releaseinfo>
<copyright>
<year>©right-year;</year>
</copyright>
<abstract>
<simpara>
- Pazpar2 is a high-performance, user interface-independent, data
- model-independent metasearching
- middleware featuring merging, relevance ranking, record sorting,
+ Pazpar2 is a high-performance metasearch engine featuring
+ merging, relevance ranking, record sorting,
and faceted results.
+ It is middleware: it has no user interface of its own, but can be
+ configured and controlled by an XML-over-HTTP web-service to provide
+ metasearching functionality behind any user interface.
</simpara>
<simpara>
- This document is a guide and reference to Pazpar version &version;.
+ This document is a guide and reference to Pazpar2 version &version;.
</simpara>
<simpara>
<inlinemediaobject>
</inlinemediaobject>
</simpara>
</abstract>
- </bookinfo>
+ </bookinfo>
- <chapter id="introduction">
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 is a stand-alone metasearch client with a webservice API, designed
- to be used either from a browser-based client (JavaScript, Flash, Java,
- etc.), from from server-side code, or any combination of the two.
- Pazpar2 is a highly optimized client designed to
- search many resources in parallel. It implements record merging,
- relevance-ranking and sorting by arbitrary data content, and facet
- analysis for browsing purposes. It is designed to be data model
- independent, and is capable of working with MARC, DublinCore, or any
- other XML-structured response format -- XSLT is used to normalize and extract
- data from retrieval records for display and analysis. It can be used
- against any server which supports the Z39.50 protocol. Proprietary
- backend modules can be used to support a large number of other protocols
- (please contact Index Data for further information about this).
- </para>
- <para>
- Additional functionality such as
- user management, attractive displays are expected to be implemented by
- applications that use pazpar2. Pazpar2 is user interface independent.
- Its functionality is exposed through a simple REST-style webservice API,
- designed to be simple to use from an Ajax-enbled browser, Flash
- animation, Java applet, etc., or from a higher-level server-side language
- like PHP or Java. Because session information can be shared between
- browser-based logic and your server-side scripting, there is tremendous
- flexibility in how you implement your business logic on top of pazpar2.
- </para>
- <para>
- Once you launch a search in pazpar2, the operation continues behind the
- scenes. Pazpar2 connects to servers, carries out searches, and
- retrieves, deduplicates, and stores results internally. Your application
- code may periodically inquire about the status of an ongoing operation,
- and ask to see records or other result set facets. Result become
- available immediately, and it is easy to build end-user interfaces which
- feel extremely responsive, even when searching more than 100 servers
- concurrently.
- </para>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 is designed to be highly configurable. Incoming records are
- normalized to XML/UTF-8, and then further normalized using XSLT to a
- simple internal representation that is suitable for analysis. By
- providing XSLT stylesheets for different kinds of result records, you
- can tune pazpar2 to work against different kinds of information
- retrieval servers. Finally, metadata is extracted, in a configurable
- way, from this internal record, to support display, merging, ranking,
- result set facets, and sorting. Pazpar2 is not bound to a specific model
- of metadata, such as DublinCore or MARC -- by providing the right
- configuration, it can work with a number of different kinds of data in
- support of many different applications.
- </para>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 is designed to be efficient and scalable. You can set it up to
- search several hundred targets in parallel, or you can use it to support
- hundreds of concurrent users. It is implemented with the same attention
- to performance and economy that we use in our indexing engines, so that
- you can focus on building your application, without worrying about the
- details of metasearch logic. You can devote all of your attention to
- usability and let pazpar2 do what it does best -- metasearch.
- </para>
- <para>
- If you wish to connect to commercial or other databases which do not
- support open standards, please contact Index Data. We have a licensing
- agreement with a third party vendor which will enable pazpar2 to access
- thousands of online databases, in addition the vast number of catalogs
- and online services that support the Z39.50 protocol.
- </para>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 is our attempt to re-think the traditional paradigms for
- implementing and deploying metasearch logic, with an uncompromising
- approach to performance, and attempting to make maximum use of the
- capabilities of modern browsers. The demo user interface that
- accompanies the distribution is but one example. If you think of new
- ways of using pazpar2, we hope you'll share them with us, and if we
- can provide assistance with regards to training, design, programming,
- integration with different backends, hosting, or support, please don't
- hesitate to contact us. If you'd like to see functionality in pazpar2
- that is not there today, please don't hesitate to contact us. It may
- already be in our development pipeline, or there might be a
- possibility for you to help out by sponsoring development time or
- code. Either way, get in touch and we will give you straight answers.
- </para>
- <para>
- Enjoy!
- </para>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 is covered by the GNU license version 2.
- See <xref linkend="license"/> for further information.
- </para>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter id="installation">
- <title>Installation</title>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 depends on the following tools/libraries:
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry><term><ulink url="&url.yaz;">YAZ</ulink></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- The popular Z39.50 toolkit for the C language. YAZ must be
- compiled with Libxml2/Libxslt support.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry><term><ulink url="&url.icu;">International
- Components for Unicode (ICU)</ulink></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- ICU provides Unicode support for non-english languages with
+ <chapter id="introduction">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+
+ <section id="what.pazpar2.is">
+ <title>What Pazpar2 is</title>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 is a stand-alone metasearch engine with a web-service API, designed
+ to be used either from a browser-based client (JavaScript, Flash,
+ Java applet,
+ etc.), from server-side code, or any combination of the two.
+ Pazpar2 is a highly optimized client designed to
+ search many resources in parallel. It implements record merging,
+ relevance-ranking and sorting by arbitrary data content, and facet
+ analysis for browsing purposes. It is designed to be data-model
+ independent, and is capable of working with MARC, DublinCore, or any
+ other <ulink url="&url.xml;">XML</ulink>-structured response format
+ -- <ulink url="&url.xslt;">XSLT</ulink> is used to normalize and extract
+ data from retrieval records for display and analysis. It can be used
+ against any server which supports the
+ <ulink url="&url.z39.50;">Z39.50</ulink> or <ulink url="&url.sru;">SRU/SRW</ulink>
+ protocol. Proprietary
+ backend modules can function as connectors between these standard
+ protocols and any non-standard API, including web-site scraping, to
+ support a large number of other protocols.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Additional functionality such as
+ user management and attractive displays are expected to be implemented by
+ applications that use Pazpar2. Pazpar2 itself is user-interface independent.
+ Its functionality is exposed through a simple XML-based web-service API,
+ designed to be easy to use from an Ajax-enabled browser, Flash
+ animation, Java applet, etc., or from a higher-level server-side language
+ like PHP, Perl or Java. Because session information can be shared between
+ browser-based logic and server-side scripting, there is tremendous
+ flexibility in how you implement application-specific logic on top
+ of Pazpar2.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Once you launch a search in Pazpar2, the operation continues behind the
+ scenes. Pazpar2 connects to servers, carries out searches, and
+ retrieves, deduplicates, and stores results internally. Your application
+ code may periodically inquire about the status of an ongoing operation,
+ and ask to see records or result set facets. Results become
+ available immediately, and it is easy to build end-user interfaces than
+ feel extremely responsive, even when searching more than 100 servers
+ concurrently.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 is designed to be highly configurable. Incoming records are
+ normalized to XML/UTF-8, and then further normalized using XSLT to a
+ simple internal representation that is suitable for analysis. By
+ providing XSLT stylesheets for different kinds of result records, you
+ can configure Pazpar2 to work against different kinds of information
+ retrieval servers. Finally, metadata is extracted in a configurable
+ way from this internal record, to support display, merging, ranking,
+ result set facets, and sorting. Pazpar2 is not bound to a specific model
+ of metadata, such as DublinCore or MARC: by providing the right
+ configuration, it can work with any combination of different kinds of data in
+ support of many different applications.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 is designed to be efficient and scalable. You can set it up to
+ search several hundred targets in parallel, or you can use it to support
+ hundreds of concurrent users. It is implemented with the same attention
+ to performance and economy that we use in our indexing engines, so that
+ you can focus on building your application without worrying about the
+ details of metasearch logic. You can devote all of your attention to
+ usability and let Pazpar2 do what it does best -- metasearch.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 is our attempt to re-think the traditional paradigms for
+ implementing and deploying metasearch logic, with an uncompromising
+ approach to performance, and attempting to make maximum use of the
+ capabilities of modern browsers. The demo user interface that
+ accompanies the distribution is but one example. If you think of new
+ ways of using Pazpar2, we hope you'll share them with us, and if we
+ can provide assistance with regards to training, design, programming,
+ integration with different backends, hosting, or support, please don't
+ hesitate to contact us. If you'd like to see functionality in Pazpar2
+ that is not there today, please don't hesitate to contact us. It may
+ already be in our development pipeline, or there might be a
+ possibility for you to help out by sponsoring development time or
+ code. Either way, get in touch and we will give you straight answers.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Enjoy!
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 is covered by the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.
+ See <xref linkend="license"/> for further information.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="connectors">
+ <title>Connectors to non-standard databases</title>
+ <para>
+ If you wish to connect to commercial or other databases which do not
+ support open standards, please contact Index Data on
+ <email>info@indexdata.com</email>. We have a
+ proprietary framework for building connectors that enable Pazpar2
+ to access
+ thousands of online databases, in addition to the vast number of catalogs
+ and online services that support the Z39.50/SRU/SRW protocols.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="name">
+ <title>A note on the name Pazpar2</title>
+ <para>
+ The name Pazpar2 derives from three sources. One one hand, it is
+ Index Data's second major piece of software that does parallel
+ searching of Z39.50 targets. On the other, it is a near-homophone
+ of Passpartout, the ever-helpful servant in Jules Verne's novel
+ Around the World in Eighty Days (who helpfully uses the language
+ of his master). Finally, "passe par tout" means something like
+ "passes through anything" in French -- on other words, a universal
+ solution, or if you like a MasterKey.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="installation">
+ <title>Installation</title>
+ <para>
+ The Pazpar2 package includes documentation as well
+ as the Pazpar2 server. The package also includes a simple user
+ interface called "test1", which consists of a single HTML page and a single
+ JavaScript file to illustrate the use of Pazpar2.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 depends on the following tools/libraries:
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term><ulink url="&url.yaz;">YAZ</ulink></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The popular Z39.50 toolkit for the C language.
+ YAZ <emphasis>must</emphasis> be compiled with Libxml2/Libxslt support.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry><term><ulink url="&url.icu;">International
+ Components for Unicode (ICU)</ulink></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ICU provides Unicode support for non-English languages with
character sets outside the range of 7bit ASCII, like
- Greek, Russian, German and Frensh. Pazpar2 uses the ICU
- unicode character conversions, unicode normalization, case
+ Greek, Russian, German and French. Pazpar2 uses the ICU
+ Unicode character conversions, Unicode normalization, case
folding and other fundamental operations needed in
tokenization, normalization and ranking of records.
- </para>
- <para>
+ </para>
+ <para>
Compiling, linking, and usage of the ICU libraries is optional,
but strongly recommended for usage in an international
environment.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ In order to compile Pazpar2, a C compiler which supports C99 or later
+ is required.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="installation.unix">
+ <title>Installation from source on Unix (including Linux, MacOS, etc.)</title>
+ <para>
+ The latest source code for Pazpar2 is available from
+ <ulink url="&url.pazpar2.download;"/>.
+ Most Unix-based operating systems have the required
+ tools available as binary packages.
+ For example, if Libxml2/libXSLT libraries
+ are already installed as development packages, use these.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Ensure that the development libraries and header files are
+ available on your system before compiling Pazpar2. For installation
+ of YAZ, refer to the Installation chapter of the YAZ manual at
+ <ulink url="&url.yaz.install;"/>.
</para>
<para>
- In order to compile Pazpar2 an ANSI C compiler is
- required. The requirements should be the same as for YAZ.
+ Once the dependencies are in place, Pazpar2 can be unpacked and
+ installed as follows:
+ </para>
+ <screen>
+ tar xzf pazpar2-VERSION.tar.gz
+ cd pazpar2-VERSION
+ ./configure
+ make
+ sudo make install
+ </screen>
+ <para>
+ The <literal>make install</literal> will install manpages as well as the
+ Pazpar2 server, <literal>pazpar2</literal>,
+ in PREFIX<literal>/sbin</literal>.
+ By default, PREFIX is <literal>/usr/local/</literal> . This can be
+ changed with configure option <option>--prefix</option>.
</para>
+ </section>
- <section id="installation.unix">
- <title>Installation on Unix (from Source)</title>
+ <section id="installation.win32">
+ <title>Installation from source on Windows</title>
<para>
- Here is a quick step-by-step guide on how to compile the
- tools that Pazpar2 uses. Only few systems have none of the required
- tools binary packages. If, for example, Libxml2/libxslt are already
- installed as development packages use these.
+ Pazpar2 can be built for Windows using
+ <ulink url="&url.vstudio;">Microsoft Visual Studio</ulink>.
+ The support files for building YAZ on Windows are located in the
+ <filename>win</filename> directory. The compilation is performed
+ using the <filename>win/makefile</filename> which is to be
+ processed by the NMAKE utility part of Visual Studio.
</para>
-
<para>
- Ensure that the development libraries + header files are
- available on your system before compiling Pazpar2. For installation
- of YAZ, refer to the YAZ installation chapter.
+ Ensure that the development libraries and header files are
+ available on your system before compiling Pazpar2. For installation
+ of YAZ, refer to
+ the Installation chapter of the YAZ manual at
+ <ulink url="&url.yaz.install;"/>.
+ It is easiest if YAZ and Pazpar2 are unpacked in the same
+ directory (side-by-side).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The compilation is tuned by editing the makefile of Pazpar2.
+ The process is similar to YAZ. Adjust the various directories
+ <literal>YAZ_DIR</literal>, <literal>ZLIB_DIR</literal>, etc.,
+ as required.
</para>
- <screen>
- gunzip -c pazpar2-version.tar.gz|tar xf -
- cd pazpar2-version
- ./configure
- make
- su
- make install
- </screen>
- </section>
-
- <section id="installation.debian">
- <title>Installation on Debian GNU/Linux</title>
<para>
- All dependencies for Pazpar2 are available as
- <ulink url="&url.debian;">Debian</ulink>
- packages for the sarge (stable in 2005) and etch (testing in 2005)
- distributions.
+ Compile Pazpar2 by invoking <application>nmake</application> in
+ the <filename>win</filename> directory.
+ The resulting binaries of the build process are located in the
+ <filename>bin</filename> of the Pazpar2 source
+ tree - including the <filename>pazpar2.exe</filename> and necessary DLLs.
</para>
<para>
- The procedures for Debian based systems, such as
- <ulink url="&url.ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> is probably similar
+ The Windows version of Pazpar2 is a console application. It may
+ be installed as a Windows Service by adding option
+ <literal>-install</literal> for the pazpar2 program. This will
+ register Pazpar2 as a service and use the other options provided
+ in the same invocation. For example:
+ <screen>
+ cd \MyPazpar2\etc
+ ..\bin\pazpar2 -install -f pazpar2.cfg -l pazpar2.log
+ </screen>
+ The Pazpar2 service may now be controlled via the Service Control
+ Panel. It may be unregistered by passing the <literal>-remove</literal>
+ option. Example:
+ <screen>
+ cd \MyPazpar2\etc
+ ..\bin\pazpar2 -remove
+ </screen>
</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="installation.test1">
+ <title>Installation of test interfaces</title>
+ <para>
+ In this section we show how to make available the set of simple
+ interfaces that are part of the Pazpar2 source package, and which
+ demonstrate some ways to use Pazpar2. (Note that Debian users can
+ save time by just installing the package <literal>pazpar2-test1</literal>.)
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ A web server, such as Apache, must be installed and running on the system.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Start the Pazpar2 daemon using the 'in-source' binary of the Pazpar2
+ daemon. On Unix the process is:
+ <screen>
+ cd etc
+ cp pazpar2.cfg.dist pazpar2.cfg
+ ../src/pazpar2 -f pazpar2.cfg
+ </screen>
+ And on Windows:
<screen>
- apt-get install libyaz-dev
- apt-get install libicu36-dev
+ cd etc
+ copy pazpar2.cfg.dist pazpar2.cfg
+ ..\bin\pazpar2 -f pazpar2.cfg
</screen>
+ This will start a Pazpar2 listener on port 9004. It will proxy
+ HTTP requests to port 80 on localhost, which we assume will be the regular
+ HTTP server on the system. Inspect and modify pazpar2.cfg as needed
+ if this is to be changed. The pazpar2.cfg file includes settings from the
+ file <filename>settings/edu.xml</filename>
+ to use for searches.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The test UIs are located in <literal>www</literal>. Ensure that this
+ directory is available to the web server by copying
+ <literal>www</literal> to the document root,
+ using Apache's <literal>Alias</literal> directive, or
+ creating a symbolic link: for example, on a Debian or Ubuntu
+ system with Apache2 installed from the standard package, you might
+ make the link as follows:
+ <screen>
+ cd .../pazpar2
+ sudo ln -s `pwd`/www /var/www/pazpar2-demo
+ </screen>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This makes the test applications visible at
+ <ulink url="http://localhost/pazpar2-demo/"/>
+ but they can not be run successfully from that URL, as they submit
+ search requests back to the server form which they were served,
+ and Apache2 doesn't know how to handle them. Instead, the test
+ applications must be accessed from Pazpar2 itself, acting as a
+ proxy to Apache2, at the URL
+ <ulink url="http://localhost:9004/pazpar2-demo/"/>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ From here, the demo applications can be
+ accessed: <literal>test1</literal>, <literal>test2</literal> and
+ <literal>jsdemo</literal>
+ are pure HTML+JavaScript setups, needing no server-side
+ intelligence;
+ <literal>demo</literal>
+ requires PHP on the server.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If you don't see the test interfaces, check whether they are available
+ on port 80 (i.e. directly from the Apache2 server). If not, the
+ Apache configuration is incorrect.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ In order to use Apache as frontend for the interface on port 80
+ for public access etc., refer to
+ <xref linkend="installation.apache2proxy"/>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="installation.debian">
+ <title>Installation on Debian or Ubuntu GNU/Linux</title>
+ <para>
+ Index Data provides Debian and Ubuntu packages for Pazpar2.
+ As of February 2010, these
+ are prepared for Debian versions Etch, Lenny and Squeeze; and for
+ Ubuntu versions 8.04 (hardy), 8.10 (intrepid), 9.04 (jaunty) and
+ 9.10 (karmic). These packages are available at
+ <ulink url="&url.pazpar2.download.debian;"/> and
+ <ulink url="&url.pazpar2.download.ubuntu;"/>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="installation.apache2proxy">
+ <title>Apache 2 Proxy</title>
+ <para>
+ Apache 2 has a
+ <ulink url="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_proxy.html">
+ proxy module
+ </ulink> which allows Pazpar2 to become a backend to an Apache 2
+ based web service. The Apache 2 proxy must operate in the
+ <emphasis>Reverse</emphasis> Proxy mode.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ On a Debian based Apache 2 system, the relevant modules can
+ be enabled with:
+ <screen>
+ sudo a2enmod proxy_http
+ </screen>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Traditionally Pazpar2 interprets URL paths with suffix
+ <literal>/search.pz2</literal>.
+ The
+ <ulink
+ url="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass"
+ >ProxyPass</ulink> directive of Apache must be used to map a URL path
+ the the Pazpar2 server (listening port).
+ </para>
+
+ <note>
<para>
- With these packages installed, the usual configure + make
- procedure can be used for Pazpar2 as outlined in
- <xref linkend="installation.unix"/>.
+ The ProxyPass directive takes a prefix rather than
+ a suffix as URL path. It is important that the Java Script code
+ uses the prefix given for it.
</para>
- </section>
- </chapter>
+ </note>
- <chapter id="using">
- <title>Using pazpar2</title>
+ <example id="installation.apache2proxy.example">
+ <title>Apache 2 proxy configuration</title>
<para>
- This chapter provides a general introduction to the use and
- deployment of pazpar2.
+ If Pazpar2 is running on port 8004 and the portal is using
+ <filename>search.pz2</filename> inside portal in directory
+ <filename>/myportal/</filename> we could use the following
+ Apache 2 configuration:
+
+ <screen><![CDATA[
+ <IfModule mod_proxy.c>
+ ProxyRequests Off
+
+ <Proxy *>
+ AddDefaultCharset off
+ Order deny,allow
+ Allow from all
+ </Proxy>
+
+ ProxyPass /myportal/search.pz2 http://localhost:8004/search.pz2
+ ProxyVia Off
+ </IfModule>
+ ]]></screen>
</para>
+ </example>
+ </section>
- <section id="architecture">
- <title>Pazpar2 and your systems architecture</title>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 is designed to provide asynchronous, behind-the-scenes
- metasearching functionality to your application, exposing this
- functionality using a simple webservice API that can be accessed
- from any number of development environments. In particular, it is
- possible to combine pazpar2 either with your server-side dynamic
- website scripting, with scripting or code running in the browser, or
- with any combination of the two. Pazpar2 is an excellent tool for
- building advanced, Ajax-based user interfaces for metasearch
- functionality, but it isn't a requirement -- you can choose to use
- pazpar2 entirely as a backend to your regular server-side scripting.
- When you do use pazpar2 in conjunction
- with browser scripting (JavaScript/Ajax, Flash, applets,
- etc.), there are special considerations.
- </para>
+ </chapter>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 implements a simple but efficient HTTP server, and it is
- designed to interact directly with scripting running in the browser
- for the best possible performance, and to limit overhead when
- several browser clients generate numerous webservice requests.
- However, it is still desirable to use a conventional webserver,
- such as Apache, to serve up graphics, HTML documents, and
- server-side scripting. Because the security sandbox environment of
- most browser-side programming environments only allows communication
- with the server from which the enclosing HTML page or object
- originated, pazpar2 is designed so that it can act as a transparent
- proxy in front of an existing webserver (see <xref
- linkend="pazpar2_conf"/> for details). In this mode, all regular
- HTTP requests are transparently passed through to your webserver,
- while pazpar2 only intercepts search-related webservice requests.
- </para>
+ <chapter id="using">
+ <title>Using Pazpar2</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter provides a general introduction to the use and
+ deployment of Pazpar2.
+ </para>
- <para>
- If you want to expose your combined service on port 80, you can
- either run your regular webserver on a different port, a different
- server, or a different IP address associated with the same server.
- </para>
+ <section id="architecture">
+ <title>Pazpar2 and your systems architecture</title>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 is designed to provide asynchronous, behind-the-scenes
+ metasearching functionality to your application, exposing this
+ functionality using a simple webservice API that can be accessed
+ from any number of development environments. In particular, it is
+ possible to combine Pazpar2 either with your server-side dynamic
+ website scripting, with scripting or code running in the browser, or
+ with any combination of the two. Pazpar2 is an excellent tool for
+ building advanced, Ajax-based user interfaces for metasearch
+ functionality, but it isn't a requirement -- you can choose to use
+ Pazpar2 entirely as a backend to your regular server-side scripting.
+ When you do use Pazpar2 in conjunction
+ with browser scripting (JavaScript/Ajax, Flash, applets,
+ etc.), there are special considerations.
+ </para>
- <para>
- Sometimes, it may be necessary to implement functionality on your
- regular webserver that makes use of search results, for example to
- implement data import functionality, emailing results, history
- lists, personal citation lists, interlibrary loan functionality
- ,etc. Fortunately, it is simple to exchange information between
- pazpar2, your browser scripting, and backend server-side scripting.
- You can send a session ID and possibly a record ID from your browser
- code to your server code, and from there use pazpar2s webservice API
- to access result sets or individual records. You could even 'hide'
- all of pazpar2s functionality between your own API implemented on
- the server-side, and access that from the browser or elsewhere. The
- possibilities are just about endless.
- </para>
- </section>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 implements a simple but efficient HTTP server, and it is
+ designed to interact directly with scripting running in the browser
+ for the best possible performance, and to limit overhead when
+ several browser clients generate numerous webservice requests.
+ However, it is still desirable to use a conventional webserver,
+ such as Apache, to serve up graphics, HTML documents, and
+ server-side scripting. Because the security sandbox environment of
+ most browser-side programming environments only allows communication
+ with the server from which the enclosing HTML page or object
+ originated, Pazpar2 is designed so that it can act as a transparent
+ proxy in front of an existing webserver (see <xref
+ linkend="pazpar2_conf"/> for details).
+ In this mode, all regular
+ HTTP requests are transparently passed through to your webserver,
+ while Pazpar2 only intercepts search-related webservice requests.
+ </para>
- <section id="data_model">
- <title>Your data model</title>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 does not have a preconceived model of what makes up a data
- model. There are no assumption that records have specific fields or
- that they are organized in any particular way. The only assumption
- is that data comes packaged in a form that the software can work
- with (presently, that means XML or MARC), and that you can provide
- the necessary information to massage it into pazpar2's internal
- record abstraction.
- </para>
+ <para>
+ If you want to expose your combined service on port 80, you can
+ either run your regular webserver on a different port, a different
+ server, or a different IP address associated with the same server.
+ </para>
- <para>
- Handling retrieval records in pazpar2 is a two-step process. First,
- you decide which data elements of the source record you are
- interested in, and you specify any desired massaging or combining of
- elements using an XSLT stylesheet (MARC records are automatically
- normalized to MARCXML before this step). If desired, you can run
- multiple XSLT stylesheets in series to accomplish this, but the
- output of the last one should be a representation of the record in a
- schema that pazpar2 understands.
- </para>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 can also work behind
+ a reverse Proxy. Refer to <xref linkend="installation.apache2proxy"/>)
+ for more information.
+ This allows your existing HTTP server to operate on port 80 as usual.
+ Pazpar2 can be started on another (internal) port.
+ </para>
- <para>
- The intermediate, internal representation of the record looks like
- this:
- <screen><![CDATA[
-<record xmlns="http://www.indexdata.com/pazpar2/1.0"
- mergekey="title The Shining author King, Stephen">
+ <para>
+ Sometimes, it may be necessary to implement functionality on your
+ regular webserver that makes use of search results, for example to
+ implement data import functionality, emailing results, history
+ lists, personal citation lists, interlibrary loan functionality,
+ etc. Fortunately, it is simple to exchange information between
+ Pazpar2, your browser scripting, and backend server-side scripting.
+ You can send a session ID and possibly a record ID from your browser
+ code to your server code, and from there use Pazpar2s webservice API
+ to access result sets or individual records. You could even 'hide'
+ all of Pazpar2s functionality between your own API implemented on
+ the server-side, and access that from the browser or elsewhere. The
+ possibilities are just about endless.
+ </para>
+ </section>
- <metadata type="title">The Shining</metadata>
+ <section id="data_model">
+ <title>Your data model</title>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 does not have a preconceived model of what makes up a data
+ model. There are no assumptions that records have specific fields or
+ that they are organized in any particular way. The only assumption
+ is that data comes packaged in a form that the software can work
+ with (presently, that means XML or MARC), and that you can provide
+ the necessary information to massage it into Pazpar2's internal
+ record abstraction.
+ </para>
- <metadata type="author">King, Stephen</metadata>
+ <para>
+ Handling retrieval records in Pazpar2 is a two-step process. First,
+ you decide which data elements of the source record you are
+ interested in, and you specify any desired massaging or combining of
+ elements using an XSLT stylesheet (MARC records are automatically
+ normalized to <ulink url="&url.marcxml;">MARCXML</ulink> before this step).
+ If desired, you can run multiple XSLT stylesheets in series to accomplish
+ this, but the output of the last one should be a representation of the
+ record in a schema that Pazpar2 understands.
+ </para>
- <metadata type="kind">ebook</metadata>
+ <para>
+ The intermediate, internal representation of the record looks like
+ this:
+ <screen><![CDATA[
+ <record xmlns="http://www.indexdata.com/pazpar2/1.0"
+ mergekey="title The Shining author King, Stephen">
- <!-- ... and so on -->
-</record>
-]]></screen>
+ <metadata type="title">The Shining</metadata>
- As you can see, there isn't much to it. There are really only a few
- important elements to this file.
- </para>
+ <metadata type="author">King, Stephen</metadata>
- <para>
- Elements should belong to the namespace
- http://www.indexdata.com/pazpar2/1.0. If the root node contains the
- attribute 'mergekey', then every record that generates the same
- merge key (normalized for case differences, white space, and
- truncation) will be joined into a cluster. In other words, you
- decide how records are merged. If you don't include a merge key,
- records are never merged. The 'metadata' elements provide the meat
- of the elements -- the content. the 'type' attribute is used to
- match each element against processing rules that determine what
- happens to the data element next.
- </para>
+ <metadata type="kind">ebook</metadata>
- <para>
- The next processing step is the extraction of metadata from the
- intermediate representation of the record. This is governed by the
- 'metadata' elements in the 'service' section of the configuration
- file. See <xref linkend="config-server"/> for details. The metadata
- in the retrieval record ultimately drives merging, sorting, ranking,
- the extraction of browse facets, and display, all configurable.
- </para>
- </section>
+ <!-- ... and so on -->
+ </record>
+ ]]></screen>
- <section id="client">
- <title>Client development overview</title>
- <para>
- You can use pazpar2 from any environment that allows you to use
- webservices. The initial goal of the software was to support
- Ajax-based applications, but there literally are no limits to what
- you can do. You can use pazpar2 from Javascript, Flash, Java, etc.,
- on the browser side, and from any development environment on the
- server side, and you can pass session tokens and record IDs freely
- around between these environments to build sophisticated applications.
- Use your imagination.
- </para>
+ As you can see, there isn't much to it. There are really only a few
+ important elements to this file.
+ </para>
- <para>
- The webservice API of pazpar2 is described in detail in <xref
- linkend="pazpar2_protocol"/>.
- </para>
+ <para>
+ Elements should belong to the namespace
+ <literal>http://www.indexdata.com/pazpar2/1.0</literal>.
+ If the root node contains the
+ attribute 'mergekey', then every record that generates the same
+ merge key (normalized for case differences, white space, and
+ truncation) will be joined into a cluster. In other words, you
+ decide how records are merged. If you don't include a merge key,
+ records are never merged. The 'metadata' elements provide the meat
+ of the elements -- the content. the 'type' attribute is used to
+ match each element against processing rules that determine what
+ happens to the data element next.
+ </para>
- <para>
- In brief, you use the 'init' command to create a session, a
- temporary workspace which carries information about the current
- search. You start a new search using the 'search' command. Once the
- search has been started, you can follow its progress using the
- 'stat', 'bytarget', 'termlist', or 'show' commands. Detailed records
- can be fetched using the 'record' command.
- </para>
- </section>
+ <para>
+ The next processing step is the extraction of metadata from the
+ intermediate representation of the record. This is governed by the
+ 'metadata' elements in the 'service' section of the configuration
+ file. See <xref linkend="config-server"/> for details. The metadata
+ in the retrieval record ultimately drives merging, sorting, ranking,
+ the extraction of browse facets, and display, all configurable.
+ </para>
+ </section>
- <section id="nonstandard">
- <title>Connecting to non-standard resources</title>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 uses Z39.50 as its switchboard language -- i.e. as far as it
- is concerned, all resources speak Z39.50. It is, however, equipped
- to handle a broad range of different server behavior, through
- configurable query mapping and record normalization. If you develop
- configuration, stylesheets, etc., for a new type of resources, we
- encourage you to share your work. But you can also use pazpar2 to
- connect to hundreds of resources that do not support standard
- protocols.
- </para>
+ <section id="client">
+ <title>Client development overview</title>
+ <para>
+ You can use Pazpar2 from any environment that allows you to use
+ webservices. The initial goal of the software was to support
+ Ajax-based applications, but there literally are no limits to what
+ you can do. You can use Pazpar2 from Javascript, Flash, Java, etc.,
+ on the browser side, and from any development environment on the
+ server side, and you can pass session tokens and record IDs freely
+ around between these environments to build sophisticated applications.
+ Use your imagination.
+ </para>
- <para>
- For a growing number of resources, Z39.50 is all you need. Over the
- last few years, a number of commercial, full-text resources have
- implemented Z39.50. These can be used through pazpar2 with little or
- no effort. Resources that use non-standard record formats will
- require a bit of XSLT work, but that's all.
- </para>
+ <para>
+ The webservice API of Pazpar2 is described in detail in <xref
+ linkend="pazpar2_protocol"/>.
+ </para>
- <para>
- But what about resources that don't support Z39.50 at all? The NISO
- SRU (MXG) protocol is slowly gathering steam. Other resources might
- support OpenSearch, private, XML/HTTP-based protocols, or something
- else entirely. Some databases exist only as web user interfaces and
- will require screen-scraping. Still others exist only as static
- files, or perhaps as databases supporting the OAI-PMH protocol.
- There is hope! Read on.
- </para>
+ <para>
+ In brief, you use the 'init' command to create a session, a
+ temporary workspace which carries information about the current
+ search. You start a new search using the 'search' command. Once the
+ search has been started, you can follow its progress using the
+ 'stat', 'bytarget', 'termlist', or 'show' commands. Detailed records
+ can be fetched using the 'record' command.
+ </para>
+ </section>
- <para>
- Index Data continues to advocate the support of open standards. We
- work with database vendors to support standards, so you don't have
- to worry about programming against non-standard services. We also
- provide tools (see <ulink
- url="http://www.indexdata.com/simpleserver">SimpleServer</ulink>)
- which make it comparatively easy to build gateways against servers
- with non-standard behavior. Again, we encourage you to share any
- work you do in this direction.
- </para>
+ §-ajaxdev;
- <para>
- But the bottom line is that working with non-standard resources in
- metasearching is really, really hard. If you want to build a
- project with pazpar2, and you need access to resources with
- non-standard interfaces, we can help. We run gateways to more than
- 2,000 popular, commercial databases and other resources,
- making it simple
- to plug them directly into pazpar2. For a small annual fee per
- database, we can help you establish connections to your licensed
- resources. Meanwhile, you can help! If you build your own
- standards-compliant gateways, host them for others, or share the
- code! And tell your vendors that they can save everybody money and
- increase the appeal of their resources by supporting standards.
- </para>
+ <section id="nonstandard">
+ <title>Connecting to non-standard resources</title>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 uses Z39.50 as its switchboard language -- i.e. as far as it
+ is concerned, all resources speak Z39.50, or its webservices derivatives,
+ SRU/SRW. It is, however, equipped
+ to handle a broad range of different server behavior, through
+ configurable query mapping and record normalization. If you develop
+ configuration, stylesheets, etc., for a new type of resources, we
+ encourage you to share your work. But you can also use Pazpar2 to
+ connect to hundreds of resources that do not support standard
+ protocols.
+ </para>
- <para>
- There are those who will ask us why we are using Z39.50 as our
- switchboard langyage rather than a different protocol. Basically,
- we believe that Z39.50 is presently the most widely implemented
- information retrieval protocol that has the level of functionality
- required to support a good metasearching experience (structured
- searching, structured, well-defined results). It is also compact and
- efficient, and there is a very broad range of tools available to
- implement it.
- </para>
- </section>
+ <para>
+ For a growing number of resources, Z39.50 is all you need. Over the
+ last few years, a number of commercial, full-text resources have
+ implemented Z39.50. These can be used through Pazpar2 with little or
+ no effort. Resources that use non-standard record formats will
+ require a bit of XSLT work, but that's all.
+ </para>
- <section id="unicode">
- <title>Unicode Compliance</title>
- <para>
- Pazpar2 is unicode compliant and language and locale aware to
- the exted the used backend Z39.50 targets are. Just a few bad
- behaving targets can spoil the search experience considerably
- if for example Greek, Russian or otherwise non 7-bit ASCII
- search terms are entered. In these cases some targets return
- records irrelevant to the query, and the result screens wil be
- cluttered with noise.
- </para>
- <para>
- While noise from misbehaving targets can not be removed, it can
- be reduced using truely unicode based ranking. This is an
- option which is available to the system administrator if ICU
- support is compiled into Pazpar2, see
- <xref linkend="installation"/> for details.
- </para>
- <para>
- In addition, the ICU tokenization and normalization rules must
- be defined in the master configuration file described in
- <xref linkend="config-server"/>.
- </para>
- </section>
+ <para>
+ But what about resources that don't support Z39.50 at all? Some resources might
+ support OpenSearch, private, XML/HTTP-based protocols, or something
+ else entirely. Some databases exist only as web user interfaces and
+ will require screen-scraping. Still others exist only as static
+ files, or perhaps as databases supporting the OAI-PMH protocol.
+ There is hope! Read on.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Index Data continues to advocate the support of open standards. We
+ work with database vendors to support standards, so you don't have
+ to worry about programming against non-standard services. We also
+ provide tools (see <ulink
+ url="http://www.indexdata.com/simpleserver">SimpleServer</ulink>)
+ which make it comparatively easy to build gateways against servers
+ with non-standard behavior. Again, we encourage you to share any
+ work you do in this direction.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ But the bottom line is that working with non-standard resources in
+ metasearching is really, really hard. If you want to build a
+ project with Pazpar2, and you need access to resources with
+ non-standard interfaces, we can help. We run gateways to more than
+ 2,000 popular, commercial databases and other resources,
+ making it simple
+ to plug them directly into Pazpar2. For a small annual fee per
+ database, we can help you establish connections to your licensed
+ resources. Meanwhile, you can help! If you build your own
+ standards-compliant gateways, host them for others, or share the
+ code! And tell your vendors that they can save everybody money and
+ increase the appeal of their resources by supporting standards.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are those who will ask us why we are using Z39.50 as our
+ switchboard language rather than a different protocol. Basically,
+ we believe that Z39.50 is presently the most widely implemented
+ information retrieval protocol that has the level of functionality
+ required to support a good metasearching experience (structured
+ searching, structured, well-defined results). It is also compact and
+ efficient, and there is a very broad range of tools available to
+ implement it.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="unicode">
+ <title>Unicode Compliance</title>
+ <para>
+ Pazpar2 is Unicode compliant and language and locale aware but relies
+ on character encoding for the targets to be specified correctly if
+ the targets themselves are not UTF-8 based (most aren't).
+ Just a few bad behaving targets can spoil the search experience
+ considerably if for example Greek, Russian or otherwise non 7-bit ASCII
+ search terms are entered. In these cases some targets return
+ records irrelevant to the query, and the result screens will be
+ cluttered with noise.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ While noise from misbehaving targets can not be removed, it can
+ be reduced using truly Unicode based ranking. This is an
+ option which is available to the system administrator if ICU
+ support is compiled into Pazpar2, see
+ <xref linkend="installation"/> for details.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ In addition, the ICU tokenization and normalization rules must
+ be defined in the master configuration file described in
+ <xref linkend="config-server"/>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
- </chapter> <!-- Using pazpar2 -->
+ <section id="load_balancing">
+ <title>Load balancing</title>
+ <para>
+ Just like any web server, Pazpar2, can be load balanced by a standard hardware or software load balancer as long as the session stickiness is ensured. If you are already running the Apache2 web server in front of Pazpar2 and use the apache mod_proxy module to 'relay' client requests to Pazpar2, this set up can be easily extended to include load balancing capabilites. To do so you need to enable the <ulink url="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html">
+ mod_proxy_balancer
+ </ulink> module in your Apache2 installation.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ On a Debian based Apache 2 system, the relevant modules can
+ be enabled with:
+ <screen>
+ sudo a2enmod proxy_http
+ </screen>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The mod_proxy_balancer can pass all 'sessionsticky' requests to the same backend worker as long as the requests are marked with the originating worker's ID (called 'route'). If the Pazpar2 serverID is configured (by setting an 'id' attribute on the 'server' element in the Pazpar2 configuration file) Pazpar2 will append it to the 'session' element returned during the 'init' in a mod_proxy_balancer compatible manner. Since the 'session' is then re-sent by the client (for all pazpar2 request besides 'init'), the balancer can use the marker to pass the request to the right route. To do so the balancer needs to be configured to inspect the 'session' parameter.
+ </para>
+
+ <example id="load_balancing.example">
+ <title>Apache 2 load balancing configuration</title>
+ <para>
+ Having 4 Pazpar2 instances running on the same host, port range of 8004-8007 and serverIDs of: pz1, pz2, pz3 and pz4 respectively we could use the following Apache 2 configuration to expose a single pazpar2 'endpoint' on a standard (<filename>/pazpar2/search.pz2</filename>) location:
+
+ <screen><![CDATA[
+ <Proxy *>
+ AddDefaultCharset off
+ Order deny,allow
+ Allow from all
+ </Proxy>
+ ProxyVia Off
+
+ # 'route' has to match the configured pazpar2 server ID
+ <Proxy balancer://pz2cluster>
+ BalancerMember http://localhost:8004 route=pz1
+ BalancerMember http://localhost:8005 route=pz2
+ BalancerMember http://localhost:8006 route=pz3
+ BalancerMember http://localhost:8007 route=pz4
+ </Proxy>
+
+ # route is resent in the 'session' param which has the form:
+ # 'sessid.serverid', understandable by the mod_proxy_load_balancer
+ # this is not going to work if the client tampers with the 'session' param
+ ProxyPass /pazpar2/search.pz2 balancer://pz2cluster lbmethod=byrequests stickysession=session nofailover=On]]></screen>
+
+ The 'ProxyPass' line sets up a reverse proxy for request ‘/pazpar2/search.pz2’ and delegates all requests to the load balancer (virtual worker) with name ‘pz2cluster’. Sticky sessions are enabled and implemented using the ‘session’ parameter. The ‘Proxy’ section lists all the servers (real workers) which the load balancer can use.
+ </para>
+
+ </example>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ </chapter> <!-- Using Pazpar2 -->
<reference id="reference">
<title>Reference</title>
<appendix id="license"><title>License</title>
- <section id="gpl"><title>GPL</title>
-
<para>
Pazpar2,
Copyright © ©right-year; Index Data.
<para>
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with Pazpar2; see the file LICENSE. If not, write to the
- Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
- 02111-1307, USA.
+ Free Software Foundation,
+ 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
</para>
-
- <screen>
- GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
- Version 2, June 1991
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
- Preamble
-
- The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
-freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
-License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
-software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
-General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
-Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
-using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
-the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
-your programs, too.
-
- When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
-price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
-have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
-this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
-if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
-in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
-
- To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
-anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
-These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
-distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
-
- For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
-gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
-you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
-source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
-rights.
-
- We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
-(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
-distribute and/or modify the software.
-
- Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
-that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
-software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
-want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
-that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
-authors' reputations.
-
- Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
-patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
-program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
-program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
-patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
-
- The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
-modification follow.
-
- GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
- TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-
- 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
-a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
-under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
-refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
-means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
-that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
-either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
-language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
-the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
-
-Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
-covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
-running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
-is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
-Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
-Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
-
- 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
-source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
-conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
-copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
-notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
-and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
-along with the Program.
-
-You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
-you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
-
- 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
-of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
-distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
-above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
-
- a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
- stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
-
- b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
- whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
- part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
- parties under the terms of this License.
-
- c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
- when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
- interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
- announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
- notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
- a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
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- END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
- </screen>
- </section>
+
</appendix>
+ &gpl2;
+
</book>
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